Economist Impact, supported by Google, conducted a survey of 1,375 employees across Asia-Pacific (APAC), including 100 employees from Singapore, between November 2022 and January 2023. It also interviewed employers and industry experts across the region to understand their perspectives on skills gaps, as well as reskilling and upskilling aspirations.

The survey respondents were drawn from across 14 markets in the region, out of which 11.8% were Gen Z (born in 1997-2012), 63.2% were Millennials (1981-96) and 25% were Gen X (1965-80). They all worked in a diverse mix of industries.

The research shows that across the region, common understanding is lacking between employers and employees about future skills and the best way to develop them. In some instances, there is also an expectation mismatch between what employers want and what employees see as being important. Understanding these gaps will be instrumental in creating a workforce that is prepared for the economy of the future.

This article—one in a series of 12 market reports—examines these issues in Singapore. This series complements a research paper that looks at the reskilling and upskilling imperative across APAC.

Key findings

Digital skills are a priority for 69% of employees in Singapore, more than any of the other surveyed APAC markets. Employees in Singapore also prioritise other skills  categories such as analytical skills (53%) and soft skills (51%). Nearly half (49%) of employees have a poor understanding of what skills are needed in the market. 61% of employees in Singapore rely on government awareness programmes for information about which skills will be valuable in the future.

The pandemic disrupted life in Singapore, and the ensuing, ongoing economic uncertainty has created further difficulties in the job market. But through all of this, the potential of digital technologies in reshaping the economy’s future-readiness has shone through. Compared with most of its neighbours, Singapore is already far along its digitalisation journey, with major policies like the “Smart Nation” initiative1 and the national Green Plan 20302 charting roadmaps towards a highly digital, green economy.

These ambitious plans are creating new pressures and opportunities for the city-state’s workforce. And emerging skill sets will be vital to navigating its changing needs.

Advancing digital skills

Digital skills are a priority for 69% of employees in Singapore, the highest out of the 14 surveyed APAC markets. More than 90% of firms in Singapore have already adopted some type of digital technology, and there is strong demand in the city-state for tech talent.3 Our survey shows that advanced digital skills such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things are becoming pivotal. Importantly, these skill sets are increasingly in demand across pretty much every industry imaginable—from healthcare to manufacturing.

Given the shortage of tech talent in Singapore, workers possessing advanced digital skills are also likely to have more bargaining power in the job market.4 Individuals applying these advanced digital skills at work can boost their salaries by more than 120%.5 This is seen in the Economist Impact survey, which shows that one in four  employees in Singapore say higher pay and bargaining power best describe their motivation to acquire new digital skills.

One such area of importance is cybersecurity. According to Soon Joo Gog, chief skills officer at SkillsFuture,Singapore, cybersecurity skills are becoming increasingly important to any company engaging with digital services. These skills are considered key to ensuring business continuity, particularly given the spate of major security breaches that have taken place within the past year.6 Among the Economist Impact survey respondents, cybersecurity is considered a “must have” by 24.6% and a “good to have” by 68.1%.

Basic digital skills remain critical too. Given the advanced state of Singapore’s digital transformation, the intensive pace of digital adoption across all economic sectors has made digital skills foundational to many, if not most, careers. The Economist Impact survey shows that basic digital skills are considered a “must have” by the vast majority of respondents (75.4%), in line with the regional average of 73.9%.

Employees in Singapore also place greater importance on other skills categories such as analytical skills (53%) and soft skills (51%). Analytical skills like project management and critical thinking are increasingly becoming foundational skills that enable professional and personal progress, highlight 29% of the employees in our survey. These skills are highly transferable across different roles and are “critical core skills” that facilitate career mobility as well as make it easier to grasp other more technical skills.7 With remote and hybrid setups likely to be a permanent feature for six out of ten companies going forward, soft skills like adaptability, communication and resilience will be increasingly important.8

On the other hand, green skills are considered relatively less valuable by employees at the moment, ranked first by only 12% of employees—compared with 17.7% in APAC. Ms Gog says that while digital skills are pervasive across industries and job roles because of enabling technologies that augment human activities, the momentum of green activities across industries are picking up, eventually all jobs will require green skills, albeit it’s nascent state.

However, as Singapore strengthens its focus on the green economy, and as developments such as COP27 bring sustainability and green issues to the mainstream globally, more companies will focus on the green economy and new roles will emerge in this space, making it important for workers to acquire these skills. In 2020 the Singapore government estimated that the city-state would create 55,000 jobs in the coming decade because of the growing focus on sustainable development. Demand is expected to come from sectors including finance, agriculture, food, urban solutions such as sanitation and waste management, carbon services, and climate science.9

At the moment, however, most green upskilling is driven by employees’ personal interest in the topic (26%), a trend that is expected to change as Singapore prioritises environmental goals and sustainability.

 

Lack of time is a major barrier to learning new skills

Upskilling and reskilling has a high impact when it comes to improving current employees’ performance, as reported by  38% of workers in Singapore. While employees benefit from upskilling, they face multiple challenges. One of the primary concerns for employees in Singapore is the lack of time to learn new skills (42%). Long working hours and caregiving responsibilities leave little time for learning. Moreover, 49% of respondents say they don’t have a grasp of which skills are in demand in the job market. Due to this lack of clarity, they struggle to decide how best to allocate their already limited time and resources in learning new skills.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)—which comprise 99% of all Singaporean companies and  71% of the workforce10—are particularly vulnerable to this problem, due to their limited resources and training capabilities. This results in significant information asymmetry.

Firms in Singapore can engage with resources from the government like the National Centre of Excellence’s Workplace Learning programme, which aims to promote SME reskilling by connecting firms to a pool of mentors and consultancy services.11

While access to resources is a necessary step, it's not sufficient on its own, cautions Ms Gog. Businesses need a fresh approach to make continuous learning a workplace activity and incorporate lifelong learning opportunities into their daily operations.

Some employers are being proactive: respondents report that workplace training and online learning are major sources of skills attainment. Online certificates are also recognised by employers, 56% of survey respondents say.

 

However, Ms Gog warns that while online learning is a useful mode of learning, it alone is not enough to promote deep learning, especially for technology skills. She talks about the importance of putting into practice what one has learnt from online courses in the workplace, and the role of mentoring, in developing deeper expertise.

Collaboration between employers and government is essential

According to our survey, government awareness programmes (61%) are a main source of skills information for employees in Singapore, ahead of social media and advertisements (45%) and news articles (44%), and substantially higher than the regional average (42.5%).

The Singapore government is driving a number of skilling initiatives through various programmes, subsidies and incentives such as school teacher credits, enterprise credits, and access to online and offline advisory services. More can be done, however, with Ms Gog suggesting that Singapore has been leveraging on  “tripartisan approach”—one that engages the efforts of employees, the government and employers to enable a competitive and inclusive  economy. Companies may also explore collaborations with universities or polytechnics to develop training opportunities for their employees, she adds.

Employers also have a key role to play in determining how their own skilling needs are met. Our survey reveals that workers in Singapore primarily expect employers to provide information on different skills (64%), support their mental well-being (51%), and provide notable recognition through certification and additional perks (48%). Employers should also look towards training specific skill sets for specific goals—for example, achieving cybersecurity resilience. Employers can focus on developing dedicated cybersecurity talent12 and working with government agencies to explore the requisite upskilling needs.

Moreover, to support employees in managing time, companies could make upskilling a workplace activity, ensuring that  learning and working happen in tandem. Employers could also regularly monitor the skills they need and clearly communicate the same to employees. Government through its awareness programmes could continue to keep the workforce updated especially groups and organisations that lack clarity such as SMEs.

Collaboration is, and will continue to be, a crucial ingredient for Singapore’s skilling efforts. Despite the progress that the city-state has made, employers and employees must also be aware that emerging job roles are still being shaped, and that continuous learning will be the fundamental differentiator for change.

 

1 https://networkreadinessindex.org/reviewing-the-state-of-southeast-asias-digital-transformation-and-opportunities-for-the-region-moving-forward/ 

2 https://www.greenplan.gov.sg/

3 https://www.mci.gov.sg/pressroom/news-and-stories/pressroom/2023/2/speech-by-mrs-josephine-teo-minister-of-communications-and-information-at-the-ministry-of-communications-and-information-committee-of-supply-debate-on-28-february-2023

4 https://www.skillsfuture.gov.sg/skillsreport

5 https://www.frontier-enterprise.com/advanced-digital-skills-beef-up-singapore-gdp-by-s62-4-billion/#:~:text=Advanced%20digital%20skills%20include%20cloud,a%20boost%20in%20their%20income

6 https://www.zdnet.com/article/singapore-wants-all-critical-infrastructures-to-be-ready-for-cyber-threats/

7 https://www.skillsfuture.gov.sg/skills-framework/criticalcoreskills

8 https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/most-firms-hybrid-work-employees-well-being-drop-plans-1882486

9 https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/new-jobs-environment-sustainability-grace-fu-mse-633886

10 https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/-/media/Files/visualising_data/infographics/Economy/singapore-economy21032022.pdf

11 https://www.skillsfuture.gov.sg/nace

12 https://govinsider.asia/intl-en/article/cyber-challenges-of-a-digitalised-world-amit-roy-choudhury

The survey respondents were drawn from across 14 markets in the region, out of which 11.8% were Gen Z (born in 1997-2012), 63.2% were Millennials (1981-96) and 25% were Gen X (1965-80). They all worked in a diverse mix of industries.

The research shows that across the region, common understanding is lacking between employers and employees about future skills and the best way to develop them. In some instances, there is also an expectation mismatch between what employers want and what employees see as being important. Understanding these gaps will be instrumental in creating a workforce that is prepared for the economy of the future. 

This article —one in a series of 12 market reports—examines these issues in Hong Kong. This series complements a research paper that looks at the reskilling and upskilling imperative across APAC.

Key takeaways:

Almost half (47%) of employees in Hong Kong report a poor understanding of what skills are needed in the market. Although analytical (66%) and self-management (65%) skills are top priorities for employees due to their wide application, advanced digital skills will be key to supporting Hong Kong’s digital economy aspirations. Hong Kong employees view cybersecurity (64.9%) and data analysis and visualisation (54.1%) as must-have advanced digital capabilities. Over half (51%) of employees in Hong Kong report that their employers are shifting their hiring processes to refocus on skills-based qualifications rather than full-time degrees, placing more importance on the role of employers and the government to provide support and clarity into what skills are needed in the market.

Despite being a major global business hub, the city’s intensifying talent crunch#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1] is severely impacting its companies’ access to workers with a specific set of skills. Without action, the economy could lose out on US$220bn in unrealised value due to lack of talent by 2030.#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2]

The government has acknowledged the decline in the city’s workforce in the past couple of years and developed policies aimed at attracting high-skilled talent.

The future of the city’s workforce is further complicated by a rapidly ageing population.#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3] By 2050 roughly 40% of citizens will be aged 65 years or above.#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4] With longer life expectancies keeping people in the workforce for longer, sustaining Hong Kong’s economy will require a focus on empowering older workers and bolstering their skills with re-education where required.

 

Hong Kong employees consider analytical and self-management skills as most important

Similar to their counterparts in Australia, the Philippines and Taiwan, Hong Kong employees consider analytical (66%) and self-management (65%) skills as priority areas. This is likely due to their high degree of transferability and cross-role application (Figure 1). Apart from these skills, more than half of employees in Hong Kong consider advanced digital skills like cybersecurity (64.9%) and data analysis and visualisation (54.1%) as “must haves” (Figure 2). Hong Kong is especially vulnerable to cyber-attacks as a result of low awareness among businesses to monitor these threats. This, along with the rising cost of breaches, is driving more demand for cybersecurity skills.#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]

 

Employees are unsure of in-demand skills

Motivations to pursue skills vary. Career progression and promotion opportunities are major drivers for workers to acquire analytical and digital skills, demonstrating their widespread application to different occupations (Figure 2). In comparison, 33% report that their pursuit of soft skills is motivated by personal development and lifelong learning. When asked about the benefits of upskilling and reskilling for their jobs, employees report significant boosts to their salaries and bargaining power (63%) and high improvements in their performance in their current role (55%).

Despite these net positives, many workers in Hong Kong report insufficient time to pursue upskilling and reskilling due to long working hours and other commitments - a trend common across all skill sets. Nearly half (47%) of surveyed employees have a poor understanding of what skills are needed in the market. Mr Jim So, regional development manager of Asia at Skills Consulting Group, shares that even when employees are offered upskilling opportunities, many choose not to pursue them because they “don’t necessarily see the direct benefits”. This might explain why only 18% of Hong Kong employees prioritise green skills, as the applications are still nascent.

The workplace’s key role in upskilling

Employers can play a central role in filling these gaps, as workplace training remains an important source for workers to acquire digital (44%), analytical (37%) and soft (32%) skills. Online courses offer another recourse to employees’ lack of time, offering flexibility and affordability. More than half (52%) of workers in our survey believe that employers now value online certificates. Experts agree. Over half (51%) of employees in Hong Kong report that their employers are shifting their hiring processes to refocus on skills-based qualifications rather than full-time degrees. In addition, recruiters are increasingly prioritising “experience, attitude and skills over paper”, according to Mr So.

Employees also expect their employers to provide information on emerging skills (65%) and offer financial incentives (62%) to reskill and support their mental well-being (44%). To remain competitive, firms could build working environments that appeal to employees’ changing needs—for instance, understanding employees’ needs and providing them with flexibility for working and learning. Furthermore, creating the right policies to enable further learning and embedding incentives would help encourage the upskilling they need to plug labour gaps. For instance, employers should look to align remuneration with skills, especially as the higher skills-based pay is a motivator for digital (25%) and analytical (30%) upskilling.

Government support can reshape Hong Kong upskilling

While employers play a crucial role in supporting the upskilling of their workforces, the government could pivot the macro-environment to incentivise and enable upskilling. One way they can do this is with financial incentives and subsidies. Several initiatives such as the Continuing Education Fund grants HK$25,000 (US$3185) to eligible adults to upskill or reskill. Recently, Hong Kong’s Innovation and Technology Commission established a programme#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6] that will subsidise local firms’ efforts to upskill their employees in advanced technologies.

One key role for the government is to raise awareness of in-demand skills. At present, only a quarter of Hong Kong employees receive information about future skills from government awareness programmes compared with the regional average of 42.5%. Almost a quarter of employees (27%) also identify lack of information as a significant obstacle to learning. To overcome the communication gap, the government could provide clarity on valuable future skills by publishing reports that identify in-demand skills. Working with firms and industry associations, the government could better promote specific reskilling courses that are on offer. Doing so would also support the government’s efforts to bolster its digital economy and solve its tech talent crunch.#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7]

There is room for improvement around developing green skills. While most employees in Hong Kong are aware of sustainability issues, says Mr So, companies could do much more to prioritise green skills and increase awareness of the commercial as well as environmental benefits they can bring. The city’s scramble for talent has accelerated with the requirement of Hong Kong-listed firms to disclose sustainability reports. However, the shortfall in talent is a significant break on the city’s aspiration to become a sustainability hub.#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8] In addition, most green upskilling is currently motivated by personal interest (25%). Mr So remarks that there is an opportunity for the government to step into this gap and provide “investment and support” for learners “to be able to anticipate and adapt” to a changing marketplace and environment.  

  #_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title="">[1]https://focus.kornferry.com/leadership-and-talent/hong-kong-must-use-its-competitive-advantages-to-close-the-skills-gap/ #_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title="">[2] Ibid. #_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title="">[3] https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/brain-drain-solution-is-staring-hong-kong-face-2022-10-19/ #_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title="">[4] https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2023/02/world-oldest-populations-asia-health/ #_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title="">[5] https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3188979/hong-kong-organisations-are-easy-targets-hackers-more-cyberattacks #_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title="">[6] https://www.itf.gov.hk/en/funding-programmes/nurturing-talent/rttp/ #_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title="">[7]https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3201238/where-are-all-tech-experts-hong-kongs-got-plenty-jobs-not-enough-talent-and-employers-are-fed #_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title="">[8] https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/Hong-Kong-races-to-hire-ESG-talent-amid-green-hub-push

The survey respondents were drawn from across 14 markets in the region, out of which 11.8% were Gen Z (born in 1997-2012), 63.2% were Millennials (1981-96) and 25% were Gen X (1965-80). They all worked in a diverse mix of industries.

The research shows that across the region, common understanding is lacking between employers and employees about future skills and the best way to develop them. In some instances, there is also an expectation mismatch between what employers want and what employees see as being important. Understanding these gaps will be instrumental in creating a workforce that is prepared for the economy of the future.

This article—one in a series of 12 market reports—examines these issues in Pakistan. This series complements a research paper that looks at the reskilling and upskilling imperative across APAC.

Key findings

Digital skills (57.3%) are a top priority for employees in Pakistan owing to a booming IT sector and the country’s rapidly growing freelancer market, which is the third fastest growing market globally#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]. Recent acceleration of digitalisation has resulted in higher demand for basic digital skills (72.1%).#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="">[2] #_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3] Employees in Pakistan are motivated to acquire digital skills to improve career progression and promotion opportunities (29.3%), as well as to secure better pay and bargaining power (23%). Both the government and employers have important yet distinct roles to play in upskilling Pakistan: while employees expect the government to provide financial incentives, they point to employers as being responsible for providing access to diversified skilling programmes and information on the skills needed for different roles.

Despite rising digital penetration in Pakistan in recent years, 46% of the population still lacks internet access.#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4] While 80% of adults live in areas served by mobile broadband, many still do not access the internet.#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5] Out of a total of 182 m mobile subscriptions, only 38 m belong to women.#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="">[6] This could be a result of the low female literacy rate (48%),#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="">[7] which is far below the overall literacy rate of around 60%.#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="">[8] Moreover, the female labour force participation rate is among the lowest globally (25%) and women are mostly employed in the informal sector.#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="">[9] On the other hand, the country struggles with youth unemployment. Almost a third (31%) of the educated youth with professional degrees was unemployed in 2022.#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="">[10] 

Amid this backdrop, the government is prioritising digitalisation and implementing initiatives to close the existing skills gap. For instance, Pakistan introduced its “Digital Pakistan” roadmap in 2018, which set out a number of policies and initiatives to help the economy to realise US$59.7 bn (PKR9.7 trn) in annual value by 2030.#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="">[11] The policy targets the upskilling and reskilling of young graduates and the existing workforce to support the country’s growing digital economy and help spur freelance IT sector exports. On this front, it hopes to reach US$3 billion by 2024, up from US$2.12 billion in 2021.#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="">[12]

Infrastructure obstacles—such as inequitable internet access across the country and a lack of sufficient digital skills training—have lowered the pace of digitalisation at workplaces, says Saad Gilani, a senior programme officer at the International Labour Organization (ILO).

Pakistan’s growing freelance economy boosts digital upskilling

More than half of employees (57.3%) in Economist Impact’s survey consider digital skills the most important to acquire. Within this broad category, most employees consider basic digital skills (72.1%) as the most important to have, a trend that reflects the country's struggles with basic digitalisation. Advanced digital skills are also considered must-haves by employees in Pakistan such as data analysis and visualisation (49.2%), digital marketing and e-commerce (47.7%), and IT support (40%).

Apart from the pandemic, which motivated many employees (34.7%) in the country to upskill, free online courses (33.3%) have enabled people to acquire new digital skills. One such initiative, the government's e-rozgaar platform, provides online training to budding freelancers.#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="">[13] #_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="">[14] Additionally, Pakistan’s digital freelance market surged by 69% annually in 2020, which registered especially strong gains for women, who often struggle to achieve equity in traditional education and labour force participation.#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title="">[15]

For Mr Gilani, the success of the freelance market falls in line with his observations that young employees in Pakistan are highly self-motivated to upskill to remain relevant in the job market. “There are not many employer-led initiatives, so employees are learning by themselves,” he says.

Apart from digital skills, employees in Pakistan point to the importance of self-management (53.3%) and soft skills (46.7%). For example, 71.4% consider adaptability and flexibility a high priority, compared with the regional average of 65.5%. Similarly, 81.5% report communication skills as a “must-have”, higher than the regional average of 70.9%. Mr Gilani suggests these findings reflect the fact that soft skills are applicable across diverse job roles and industries. Soft skills attainment also appears to be linked to digital capabilities—around 81% of employees in Pakistan agree that digital skills have helped them gain confidence and improve in other areas like communication, analysis and critical thinking.

Although green skills (10.7%) are not considered a key priority for employees in Pakistan, Mr Gilani says this is an area for concern given the climate change risks impacting the country.#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title="">[16] This vulnerability heightened in 2022, when intense rainfall resulted in devastating flood waters, causing 1,100 deaths and affecting 33m individuals.#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title="">[17]

Barriers to upskilling Pakistan

Employees in our survey point to a lack of time (37.3%) and poor workplace culture of learning (32%) as barriers to acquiring new skills. These findings are relevant as most employees report workplace training (54.7%) as a key source of learning new digital skills, emphasising the need for more skilling opportunities in offices. 

Another key issue, Mr Gilani says, is the mismatch between university course offerings and industry demand. “There is a high tendency for unemployment among the highly educated youth, stemming from problems in our education system—we don’t see universities inviting companies to tell students what they are looking for and employers aren’t sharing information with educational institutes”. In addition to focusing on university degrees, employers could also consider employees’ skillsets as an important signal for hiring new talent. Nearly 67% of surveyed employees believe that employers in Pakistan are hiring based on skills-based qualifications rather than full-time degrees.

Distinct expectations from government and employers

Faced with the high costs of reskilling and upskilling, more than half (52%) of employees consider the government responsible for providing financial incentives for upskilling. For instance, 29.3% cite government subsidies as a major motivator for acquiring specific skills such as green skills. Providing funding for green skills can bolster Pakistan’s capacity to adapt to a changing climate, says Mr Gilani. He suggests that greater investments in green skills and industries could improve the country’s access to renewable energy sources, reduce its climate resilience and create jobs.

Across all skill types, employers also have an instrumental role in upskilling and reskilling employees. More than four in ten survey respondents say employers have a role to play in providing access to diversified skilling programmes (42.7%) and information on the skills needed for different roles (41.3%).  Over a third of employees also consider the government responsible for providing information on skills needed for different roles.

 

Leaving no one behind

Pakistan is undergoing a pivotal shift in its economy as digital transformation gains momentum. A large part of its success will hinge on leaving no one behind and giving an equal opportunity to everyone including women, young graduates and freelancers, which will boost the country's workforce significantly. Mr Gilani highlights the importance of government’s leadership and direction in providing an overall direction to this skills ecosystem, “If there is consistent leadership, digital skilling policy and an ecosystem, then things can be done.” And while digital skills will continue to be important as the country grows and digitalises in the next few years, analytical and soft skills will be equally important.

  #_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title="">[1]https://dailytimes.com.pk/818869/pakistan-becomes-the-4th-fastest-growin... #_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title="">[2] Basic digital skills are defined in the survey as the ability to operate basic office software, i.e. Microsoft Office, and/or set up Internet and digital communication tools. #_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title="">[3] Pakistan is the third-fastest growing freelancer market globally. [Source: http://onlinelabourobservatory.org/oli-supply/] #_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title="">[4]https://www.pta.gov.pk/en/telecom-indicators #_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title="">[5] https://www.gsma.com/asia-pacific/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Making-Digi... #_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title="">[6] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rode.12994 #_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title="">[7]#Female_Literacy_Rate_In_Pakistan_2022">https://ilm.com.pk/pakistan/pakistan-information/male-and-female-literac... #_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title="">[8] https://tribune.com.pk/story/2322073/literacy-and-pakistan #_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title="">[9] 2021 World Bank estimates, https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2022/07/07/supporting-legal-reforms... #_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title="">[10] https://tribune.com.pk/story/2342344/over-31-of-educated-youth-unemployed-reveals-pide  #_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title="">[11] https://accesspartnership.com/pakistans-pkr97-trillion-digital-potential/     #_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title="">[12] https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/887910-govt-eyes-3bln-from-freelancing-it-exports-by-2024   #_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title="">[13] https://erozgar.pitb.gov.pk/ #_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title="">[14] https://pubs.payoneer.com/docs/2020-gig-economy-index.pdf #_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title="">[15] https://pubs.payoneer.com/docs/2020-gig-economy-index.pdf #_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title="">[16] https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/30/asia/pakistan-climate-crisis-floods-justice-intl/index.html #_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title="">[17] https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/pakistan-floods-what-role-did-climate-change-play/