Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a significant global health challenge, accounting for 20.5m deaths in 2021. This umbrella term includes various heart and blood vessel disorders, with atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) responsible for nearly two-thirds of these fatalities. Consequently, the economic impact is profound, with direct and indirect costs in the United States totaling $422.3bn between 2019 and 2020, costing Americans nearly $4,423 per year in out-of-pocket expenses. Early diagnosis and risk assessment are crucial to make a dent in the future burden of CVD.
Research into novel biomarkers is crucial for advancing CVD risk assessment and management. Traditional lipid panels, while significant, may not fully capture the complexity of ASCVD risk, requiring the investigation of innovative lipid and non-lipid biomarkers. Biomarkers like ApoB, which provides a more accurate measure of harmful serum LDL, and NT-proBNP, a marker for heart failure, offer enhanced predictive capabilities for cardiac events and mortality. Cohort studies and meta-analyses suggest that these advanced biomarkers could significantly improve risk stratification, leading to more personalized and effective treatment strategies for patients, underscoring the importance of continued research and validation in this field.
Future directions in managing CVD focus on comprehensive prevention policies and advanced diagnostic technologies. Key initiatives include reducing behavioral risk factors, improving medication access, and leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) for better risk prediction and personalized treatment strategies. The American Heart Association's 2030 Impact Goal aims to increase healthy life expectancy by enhancing cardiovascular surveillance and integrating new health metrics. Emerging treatments targeting new lipid biomarkers and AI-driven tools promise to refine risk assessments and optimize patient care, paving the way for significant CVD prevention and management advancements. This article explores the burden of CVD and the role of different novel biomarkers impacting the future of CVD risk assessment.