Health

What is cardiovascular disease?

November 20, 2013

Africa

November 20, 2013

Africa
James Chambers

Former senior editor

James is Bureau Chief for Monocle, Hong Kong. Prior to this he worked as a Senior Editor with The EIU's Thought Leadership team for over three years researching business, technology and cities. He has also written about business and technology for The World In 2015 and economist.com. James has previous experience from IR magazine, a finance publication, where he was research editor in London and Shanghai. Additionally he contributed to Legal Week, a weekly legal magazine, and worked on the FT Innovative Lawyers Awards in the US and Europe. James is an English law-qualified solicitor (currently non-practising) and holds post-graduate legal qualifications from BPP Law School and an LLP in Law from the London School of Economics.

The term “cardiovascular disease” covers a range of medical conditions affecting the heart and circulatory systems. Following the terminology of the WHO’s Global Burden of Disease study, the two most common are:

Ischaemic heart disease: Also known as coronary heart disease, this arises frequently from a build-up of fatty materials in the circulatory system which impedes blood flow (atherosclerosis). It can ultimately lead to angina and/or heart attack (the two of which are sometimes collectively referred to as acute cardiac syndrome).

Cerebrovascular disease: This involves dysfunctions with the blood supply to the brain, often arising from damage to the circulatory system cause by hypertension (high blood pressure) or blockages from fatty materials. It can ultimately lead to stroke.

Less common conditions include:

Hypertensive heart disease: Heart disease arising from damage to the circulatory system due to hypertension. As high blood pressure can also contribute to ischaemic heart disease, this condition’s true impact may be underestimated.

Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart caused by viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic infection.

Rheumatic heart disease: Heart disease acquired through heart damage arising from rheumatic fever, typically heart valve fibrosis. This is the most common acquired heart disease among children in many developing countries.

Atrial fibrillation or flutter: Irregular electrical signals from the brain impeding the ability of the heart to contract in a co-ordinated fashion and therefore to pump sufficient blood. It can arise from lifestyle but also from infection or certain medications.

Aortic aneurysm: Enlargement of the aorta which can lead to its rupture and, typically, rapid death. The causes are uncertain, but seem linked to smoking, hypertension, other heart disease and genetic factors.

Enjoy in-depth insights and expert analysis - subscribe to our Perspectives newsletter, delivered every week